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| c. 661 |
| | | The emergence of the Shi'a party creates a major schism within Islam | |
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| 670 |
| | | The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa | |
|  | Kairouan
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 680 |
| | | Husayn, the son of Ali, dies at Karbala in a battle against rival Muslims and becomes the most holy of Shi'ite martyrs | |
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| 691 |
| | | The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem | |
|  | Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock
Fotofile CG
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| c. 700 |
| | | Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam | |
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| 711 |
| | | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 712 |
| | | Muslims, arriving from Persia through Baluchistan, occupy the region of Sind in western India | |
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| 732 |
| | | The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours | |
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| c. 750 |
| | | Sufism develops as a mystical strain within Islam | |
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